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README.md

Kapow!

Why?

Because we think that:

  • UNIX® is great and we love it
  • The UNIX® shell is great
  • HTTP interfaces are convenient and everywhere
  • CGI is not a good way to mix them

How?

So, how we can mix the web and the shell? Let's see...

The web and the shell are two different beasts, both packed with history.

There are some concepts in HTTP and the shell that resemble each other.

HTTP Shell
Input
Parameters		 POST form-encoding
Get parameters
Headers
Serialized body (JSON)		 Command line parameters
Environment variables
Data Streams Response/Request Body
Websocket
Uploaded files		 stdin/stdout/stderr
Input/Output files
Control Status codes
HTTP Methods		 Signals
Exit Codes

Any tool designed to give an HTTP interface to an existing shell command must map concepts from both domains. For example:

  • "GET parameters" to "Command line parameters"
  • "Headers" to "Environment variables"
  • "stdout" to "Response body"

Kapow! is not opinionated about the different ways you can map both worlds. Instead, it provides a concise set of tools, with a set of sensible defaults, allowing the user to express the desired mapping in an explicit way.

Why not tool "X"?

All the alternatives we found are rigid about the way they match HTTP and shell concepts.

  • shell2http: HTTP-server to execute shell commands. Designed for development, prototyping or remote control. Settings through two command line arguments, path and shell command.
  • websocketd: Turn any program that uses STDIN/STDOUT into a WebSocket server. Like inetd, but for WebSockets.
  • webhook: webhook is a lightweight incoming webhook server to run shell commands.
  • gotty: GoTTY is a simple command line tool that turns your CLI tools into web applications. Note that this tool works only with interactive commands.
  • shell-microservice-exposer: Expose your own scripts as a cool microservice API dockerizing it.

Tools with a rigid matching can't evade impedance mismatch. Resulting in an easy-to-use software, convenient in some scenarios but incapable in others.

Why not my good-old programming language "X"?

  • Boilerplate
  • Custom code = More bugs
  • Security issues (command injection, etc)
  • Dependency on developers
  • "A programming language is low level when its programs require attention to the irrelevant."
    —Alan Perlis
  • "There is more Unix-nature in one line of shell script than there is in ten thousand lines of C."
    —Master Foo

Why not CGI?

  • CGI is also rigid about how it matches HTTP and UNIX® process concepts. Notably, CGI meta-variables are injected into the script's environment; this behavior can and has been exploited by nasty attacks such as Shellshock.
  • Trying to leverage CGI from a shell script could be less cumbersome in some cases but possibly being more error-prone. For instance, since in CGI everything written to the standard output becomes the body of the response, any leaked command output would corrupt the HTTP response.

What?

We named it Kapow!. It is pronounceable, short and meaningless... like every good UNIX® command ;-)

TODO: Definition

TODO: Intro to Architecture

Core Concepts

In this section we are going to define several concepts that will be used frequently throughout the spec.

entrypoint

The entrypoint definition matches Docker's shell form of it. Technically, it's a string which is to be passed to the command (/bin/bash -c by default) as the code to be interpreted or executed when attending requests.

API

Kapow! server interacts with the outside world only through its HTTP API. Any program making the correct HTTP request to a Kapow! server can change its behavior.

Kapow! exposes two distinct APIs, a control API and a data API, described below.

HTTP Control API

It allows you to configure the Kapow! service. This API is available during the whole lifetime of the server.

Design Principles

  • Kapow! implementations should follow a general principle of robustness: be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others.
  • We reuse conventions of well-established software projects, such as Docker.
  • All requests and responses will leverage JSON as the data encoding method.
  • The API calls responses have several parts:
    • The HTTP status code (e.g., 400, which is a bad request). The target audience of this information is the client code. The client can thus use this information to control the program flow.
    • The HTTP reason phrase. The target audience in this case is the human operating the client. The human can use this information to make a decision on how to proceed.
    • The body is optional
  • All successful API calls will return a representation of the final state attained by the objects which have been addressed (either requested, set or deleted).

For instance, given this request:

HTTP/1.1 GET /routes

an appropiate reponse may look like this:

200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 189

[
  {
    "method": "GET",
    "url_pattern": "/hello",
    "entrypoint": null,
    "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
    "index": 0,
    "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
  }
]

API Elements

Kapow! provides a way to control its internal state through these elements.

Routes

Routes are the mechanism that allows Kapow! to find the correct program to respond to an external event (e.g. an incoming HTTP request).

List routes

Returns JSON with all the data about the current routes. Be aware that the command field must be an escaped JSON string.

  • URL: /routes
  • Method: GET
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 200 OK
      Content:
      [
  {
    "method": "GET",
    "url_pattern": "/hello",
    "entrypoint": null,
    "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
    "index": 0,
    "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
  },
  {
    "method": "POST",
    "url_pattern": "/bye",
    "entrypoint": null,
    "command": "echo Bye World | kapow set /response/body",
    "index": 1,
    "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
  }
]
  • Sample Call: $ curl $KAPOW_URL/routes
  • Notes: Currently all routes are returned; in the future, a filter may be accepted.

Append route

Accepts JSON data that defines a new route to be appended to the current routes. A new id is created for the appended route so it can be referenced later.

  • URL: /routes
  • Method: POST
  • Header: Content-Type: application/json
  • Data Params:
    {
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body"
}
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 201 Created
      Header: Content-Type: application/json
      Content:
      {
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
  "index": 0,
  "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
}
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 400 Malformed JSON
    • Code: 422 Invalid Route
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl -X POST --data-binary @- $KAPOW_URL/routes <<EOF
{
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body"
}
EOF
  • Notes:
    • A successful request will yield a response containing all the effective parameters that were applied.
    • Kapow! won't try to validate the submitted command. Any errors will happen at runtime, and trigger a 500 status code.

Insert a route

Accepts JSON data that defines a new route to be inserted at the specified index to the current routes. A new id is created for the inserted route so it can be referenced later.

  • URL: /routes
  • Method: PUT
  • Header: Content-Type: application/json
  • Data Params:
    {
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
}
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 201 Created
      Header: Content-Type: application/json
      Content:
      {
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
  "index": 0,
  "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
}
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 400 Malformed JSON
    • Code: 422 Invalid Route
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl -X PUT --data-binary @- $KAPOW_URL/routes <<EOF`
{
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
  "index": 0
}
EOF
  • Notes:
    • Route numbering starts at zero.
    • When index is not provided or is 0 the route will be inserted in the first position, effectively making it index 0.
    • Conversely, when index is greater than the number of entries on the route table, it will be inserted in the last position.
    • Finally, when index is less than 0 a 422 error is raised.
    • A successful request will yield a response containing all the effective parameters that were applied.

Delete a route

Removes the route identified by {id}.

  • URL: /routes/{id}
  • Method: DELETE
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 204 No Content
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 404 Not Found
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl -X DELETE $KAPOW_URL/routes/ROUTE_1f186c92_f906_4506_9788_a1f541b11d0f
  • Notes:

Retrieve route information

Retrieves the information about the route identified by {id}.

  • URL: /routes/{id}
  • Method: GET
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 200 OK
      Content:
      {
  "method": "GET",
  "url_pattern": "/hello",
  "entrypoint": null,
  "command": "echo Hello World | kapow set /response/body",
  "index": 0,
  "id": "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-Mxxx-Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
}
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 404 Not Found
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl -X GET $KAPOW_URL/routes/ROUTE_1f186c92_f906_4506_9788_a1f541b11d0f
  • Notes:

HTTP Data API

It is the channel through which the actual HTTP data flows during the request/response cycle, both reading from the request as well as writing to the response.

Design Principles

  • According to well-established best practices, we use the HTTP methods as follows:
    • GET: Read data without any side-effects.
    • PUT: Overwrite existing data.
  • The API calls responses will have two distinct parts:
    • The HTTP status code (e.g., 400, which is a bad request). The target audience of this information is the client code. The client can thus use this information to control the program flow.
    • The HTTP reason phrase. The target audience in this case is the human operating the client. The human can use this information to make a decision on how to proceed.
  • Regarding HTTP request and response bodies:
    • The response body will be empty in case of error.
    • It will transport binary data in other case.

API Elements

The data API consists of a single element, the handler.

Handlers

Handlers are in-memory data structures exposing the data of the current request and response.

Each handler is identified by a handler_id and provide access to the following resource paths:

/                               The root of the resource paths tree
│
├─ request                      All information related to the HTTP request.  Read-Only
│  ├──── method                 Used HTTP Method (GET, POST)
│  ├──── host                   Host part of the URL
│  ├──── path                   Complete URL path (URL-unquoted)
│  ├──── matches                Previously matched URL path parts
│  │     └──── <name>
│  ├──── params                 URL parameters (after the "?" symbol)
│  │     └──── <name>
│  ├──── headers                HTTP request headers
│  │     └──── <name>
│  ├──── cookies                HTTP request cookie
│  │     └──── <name>
│  ├──── form                   Form-urlencoded form fields (names only)
│  │     └──── <name>           Value of the form field with name <name>
│  ├──── files                  Files uploaded via multi-part form fields (names only)
│  │     └──── <name>
│  │           └──── filename   Original file name
│  │           └──── content    The file content
│  └──── body                   HTTP request body
│
└─ response                     All information related to the HTTP request.  Write-Only
   ├──── status                 HTTP status code
   ├──── headers                HTTP response headers
   │     └──── <name>
   ├──── cookies                HTTP request cookie
   │     └──── <name>
   ├──── body                   Response body.  Mutually exclusive with response/stream
   └──── stream                 Chunk-encoded body.  Streamed response.  Mutually exclusive with response/body

Example Keys

  • Read the request URL path.
    • Scenario: Request URL is http://localhost:8080/example?q=foo&r=bar
    • Key: /request/path
    • Access: Read-Only
    • Returned Value: /example?q=foo&r=bar
    • Comment: That would provide read-only access to the request URL path.
  • Read an specific URL parameter.
    • Scenario: Request URL is http://localhost:8080/example?q=foo&r=bar
    • Key: /request/params/q
    • Access: Read-Only
    • Returned Value: foo
    • Comment: That would provide read-only access to the request URL parameter q.
  • Obtain the Content-Type header of the request.
    • Scenario: A POST request with a JSON body and the header Content-Type set to application/json.
    • Key: /request/headers/Content-Type
    • Access: Read-Only
    • Returned Value: application/json
    • Comment: That would provide read-only access to the value of the request header Content-Type.
  • Read a field from a form.
    • Scenario: A request generated by submitting this form:
      <form method="post">
  First name:<br>
  <input type="text" name="firstname" value="Jane"><br>
  Last name:<br>
  <input type="text" name="lastname" value="Doe">
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
    • Key: /request/form/firstname
    • Access: Read-Only
    • Returned Value: Jane
    • Comment: That would provide read-only access to the value of the field firstname of the form.
  • Set the response status code.
  • Set the response body.
    • Scenario: A request is being attended.
    • Key: /response/body
    • Access: Write-Only
    • Acceptable Value: Any string of bytes.
    • Default Value: N/A
    • Comment: For media types other than application/octet-stream you should specify the appropiate Content-Type header.

Note: Parameters under request are read-only and, conversely, parameters under response are write-only. Note: It should be noted that, according to the spec, the name of a cookie is case sensitive.

Get handler resource

Returns the value of the requested resource path, or an error if the resource path doesn't exist or is invalid.

  • URL: /handlers/{handler_id}{resource_path}
  • Method: GET
  • URL Params: FIXME: We think that here should be options to cook the value in some way, or get it raw.
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 200 OK
      Header: Content-Type: application/octet-stream
      Content: The value of the resource. Note that it may be empty.
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 400 Invalid Resource Path
      Notes: Check the list of valid resource paths at the top of this section.
    • Code: 404 Handler ID Not Found
      Notes: Refers to the handler resource itself.
    • Code: 404 Resource Item Not Found
      Notes: Refers to the named item in the corresponding data API resource.
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl /handlers/$KAPOW_HANDLER_ID/request/body
  • Notes: The content may be empty.

Overwrite the value of a resource

  • URL: /handlers/{handler_id}{resource_path}
  • Method: PUT
  • URL Params: FIXME: We think that here should be options to cook the value in some way, or pass it raw.
  • Data Params: Binary payload.
  • Success Responses:
    • Code: 200 OK
  • Error Responses:
    • Code: 400 Invalid Resource Path
      Notes: Check the list of valid resource paths at the top of this section.
    • Code: 404 Handler ID Not Found
      Notes: Refers to the handler resource itself.
  • Sample Call:
    $ curl -X --data-binary '<h1>Hello!</h1>' PUT /handlers/$KAPOW_HANDLER_ID/response/body

Usage Example

TODO: End-to-end example of the data API.

Test Suite Notes

The test suite is located on [yadda-yadda-yadda] directory. You can run it by ...

Framework

Commands

Any compliant implementation of Kapow! must provide these commands:

kapow server

This is the master command, that shows the help if invoked without args, and runs the sub-commands when provided to it.

Example

$ kapow
Usage: kapow [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...

Options:
  TBD

Commands:
  server   starts a Kapow! server
  route    operates on routes
...

kapow server

This command runs the Kapow! server, which is the core of Kapow!. If run without parameters, it will run an unconfigured server. It can accept a path to a .pow file, which is a shell script that contains commands to configure the Kapow! server.

The .pow can leverage the kapow route command, which is used to define a route. The kapow route command needs a way to reach the Kapow! server, and for that, kapow provides the KAPOW_URL variable in the environment of the aforementioned shell script.

Every time the kapow server receives a request, it will spawn a process to handle it, according to the specified entrypoint, /bin/sh -c by default, and then execute the specified command. This command is tasked with processing the incoming request, and can leverage the request and response commands to easily access the HTTP Request and HTTP Response, respectively.

In order for request and response to do their job, they require a way to reach the Kapow! server, as well as a way to identify the current request being served. Thus, the Kapow! server adds the KAPOW_URL and KAPOW_HANDLER_ID to the process' environment.

Example

$ kapow server /path/to/service.pow

kapow route

To serve an endpoint, you must first register it.

kapow route registers/deregisters a route, which maps an HTTP method and a URL pattern to the code that will handle the request.

When registering, you can specify an entrypoint, which defaults to /bin/sh -c, and an argument to it, the command.

To deregister a route you must provide a route_id.

Notes:

  • The entrypoint definition matches Docker's shell form of it.
  • The index matches the way netfilter's iptables handles rule numbering.

Environment

  • KAPOW_URL

Help

$ kapow route --help
Usage: kapow route [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...

Options:
  --help  Show this message and exit.

Commands:
  add
  remove

$ kapow route add --help
Usage: kapow route add [OPTIONS] URL_PATTERN [COMMAND_FILE]

Options:
  -c, --command TEXT
  -e, --entrypoint TEXT
  -X, --method TEXT
  --url TEXT
  --help                 Show this message and exit.

$ kapow route remove --help
Usage: kapow route remove [OPTIONS] ROUTE_ID

Options:
  --url TEXT
  --help      Show this message and exit.

Example

kapow route add -X GET '/list/{ip}' -c 'nmap -sL $(kapow get /request/matches/ip) | kapow set /response/body'

request

Exposes the requests' resources.

Environment

  • KAPOW_URL
  • KAPOW_HANDLER_ID

Example

# Access the body of the request
kapow get /request/body

response

Exposes the response's resources.

Environment

  • KAPOW_URL
  • KAPOW_HANDLER_ID

Example

# Write to the body of the response
echo 'Hello, World!' | kapow set /response/body

An End-to-End Example

$ cat nmap.kpow
kapow route add -X GET '/list/{ip}' -c 'nmap -sL $(kapow get /request/matches/ip) | kapow set /response/body'

$ kapow ./nmap.kapow

$ curl $KAPOW_URL/list/127.0.0.1
Starting Nmap 7.70 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2019-05-30 14:45 CEST
Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)
Host is up (0.00011s latency).
Not shown: 999 closed ports
PORT   STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open  ssh

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.06 seconds

Test Suite Notes

Server

Test Suite Notes

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